Corrosion results in billions of dollars of lost income across the United States. Determining if a fastener will be attacked by corrosion can be a primary factor in achieving cost efficiency for long-term maintenance. Stainless steel fasteners have proven to be a great option for corrosive environments.
Fasteners will corrode and may lose some load carrying capacity if they are installed in corrosive areas or exposed to different types of corrosive materials. The areas and materials that can create a corrosive environment range from pressure treated wood (ACQ), salt water, ocean salt air, fertilizers, and exposure to two dissimilar metals and other elements that are corrosive.
We’ve put together a list of the different types of corrosion. Check them out below, along with a quick rundown of what each type involves.
Uniform Attack
This type of general corrosion occurs when there is an overall breakdown of the passive film. The entire surface of the metal will show a sponge type of façade because halogens penetrate the passive film of stainless and allow for corrosion. Active halogens are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine and astatine.
Crevice Corrosion
This type of corrosion with stainless fasteners in seawater environments due to the low PH of salt water. Chlorides pit the passivized surface in the area where low PH saltwater attacks the exposed metal. Lacking the oxygen to re-passivize, corrosion spreads. This corrosion is common in oxygen-deprived spaces, i.e. under a fastener head.
Pitting
Similar to Galvanic Corrosion, this type of corrosive action is the result of passivation in a small spot on stainless steel that becomes an anodic. The passivized part remains a cathode, and causes pit-type corrosion.
Galvanic Corrosion
Putting two dissimilar metals in a electrolyte produces an electrical current. The current flows from the anodic metal and towards the cathode metal. This process will slowly remove material from the anodic metal. Seawater can act as an electrolyte, which is the reason that galvanic corrosion is a common problem. 316 stainless steel may be most effective in a marine environment.
Intergranular Corrosion
Stainless steels contain a small amount of carbon. At extremely high temperature, as in welding, the carbon uses chrome to form chromium carbide around it, and creates areas of chrome deficiency that lessen corrosion protection.
Stress Corrosion
This type of corrosion may be referred to as stress corrosion cracking or chloride stress corrosion. Chlorides can be the greatest antagonists against stainless steel, and are a common chemical found in many environments. Luckily, the effects on stainless can be small in most applications. However, in some environments, such as indoor swimming pools, the effects can be severe and possibly hazardous. If a stainless part is under tensile stress, then pitting may increase to deepen and cracking could occur.
Stainless steel is a steel alloy with a minimum of 11% chromium content by mass, and is commonly used to prevent corrosion. However, stainless steel is stainless, not stainproof, which means that stainless steel wedge anchors may corrode in some specific types of applications. Nevertheless, stainless steel remains as an economical choice with which to fight against the threat of corrosive elements.
Distinguishing Features of Hot-Dipped Galvanized Wedge Anchors
The difference between stainless steel wedge anchors and carbon steel (i.e. zinc plated and hot-dipped galvanized wedge anchors) is the amount of chromium present. Carbon steel will rust when exposed to moisture and air. The rust, or iron oxide film, is very active and will accelerate corrosion by forming even more iron oxide. Sufficient amounts of chromium present on stainless steel provide a film of chromium oxide that prevents corrosion from spreading.
Hot dipped galvanized wedge anchors are anchors that have been coated with zinc through a method of galvanizing iron or steel by passing it through a bath of molten zinc. This process is done in order to prevent galvanic corrosion. Hot dipping steel is a procedure that has been done for more than 150 years in order to create a physical barrier for the exposed steel. Hot dipped galvanized wedge anchors are often preferred over stainless steel because of their lower cost.
Cost of wedge anchors
The cost of wedge anchors increases as higher rust resistance is offered. A general outline of the different types of wedge anchors and their corrosion resistance is detailed below.
Zinc plated wedge anchors provide the least rust resistance. They are also the least costly but are not recommended for outdoor use. These anchors are excellent for indoor use or in a location where moisture is not present.
Hot dipped galvanized wedge anchors provide a medium level of corrosion resistance and are suitable for use outdoors or in humid environments. These anchors cost about twice as much as the zinc plated anchors.
Stainless steel wedge anchors in the 303 and 304 designations provide excellent corrosion resistance and work well in most corrosive environments. It is estimated that they cost about 2x as much as the hot dipped anchors. The 316 stainless steel provides the greatest corrosion resistance in the most environments. These stainless steel anchors cost about twice as much as the 303 or 304 stainless steel.
If wedge anchors are the correct concrete fasteners for your application, make sure that you purchase the correct one for outdoor use. Because there are numerous variables involved in corrosion, inspections and regular maintenance should always be scheduled to check on fasteners. Qualified advice specific to applications may also be sought as an additional safeguard against the danger of corrosion.
About Concrete Fastening Systems
Concrete Fastening Systems, Inc. has been involved in the concrete anchor business since 1981through working on job sites as well as by meeting with engineers and architects. Concrete Fastening Systems, Inc. sells its own brand of wedge anchors under the name CONFAST at www.confast.com.
